When MAGs are transferred from the male to the female during copulation, it exerts a wide range of effects on female post-mating behavior. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Asian Cotton Leafworm in English. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Subject. A successful mating that resulted in fertilized eggs led to an even longer break from sexual receptivity. Two ranges which were taken for these studies were 40% humidity & 20°C temperature. One way is the release of chemical cues from the larvae that can act as a locator for predators searching for prey. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) NZOR Identifier: d534ddae-f982-41c5-be22-3569ac043c03. Taxonomy. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [2] The range of S. litura has also extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade. [8] The only way to properly differentiate between the two is by inspecting their genitalia. [5] Since both species are polyphagous, taking note of the host plant is not helpful in correct identification. One of these effects include suppressing female receptivity to future matings by reducing their sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness. To. Experiments have shown that females exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion. [5], S. litura is the most common in South Asia. S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. The identity of these predators vary depending on the region being studied. [5] A characteristic feature is the presence of two small spines at the tip of the abdomen that are about 0.5 mm long each. For example, S. litura has been responsible for the 71% yield loss of groundnut in the southern states of India. Additionally, infections from fungi and viruses have been observed. The significant impact on agriculture S. litura can have as pests has earned the species a spot on the quarantine list for many countries including the United States of America. Biosecurity and agriculture management homepage, Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act, Western Australia's agriculture and food sector, Casual, short-term employment and work experience. During copulation, males transfer a mean of 1,052,640 sperm per mating. It has been found that higher amounts of pheromones are released during scotophase (dark period) and that lower levels are released during photophase (light period). Spodoptera litura; Phân loại khoa học; Giới (regnum) Animalia: Ngành (phylum) Arthropoda: Lớp (class) Insecta: Bộ (ordo) Lepidoptera: Họ (familia) Noctuidae: Chi (genus) Spodoptera: Loài (species) S. litura: Danh pháp hai phần; Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Danh pháp đồng nghĩa [5], Larvae body length ranges from 2.3 to 32 mm. [5], There are slight but obvious differences in morphology between males and females of S. litura that allow for the easy differentiation of the two sexes. Asian Cotton Leaf Worm. Common names. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. 42; EU annex I/A1 Name: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. [8], Due to its presence in many important crops in agriculture, pesticides are always being applied on the species throughout the year. [13], So far there are a reported 131 species of natural enemies that prey on S. litura at different points in their life cycle. Smith, 1797) Share. Synonyms. [9] S. litura cause severe damage to their hosts by their vicious eating habits as larvae. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Males usually go out to find females during mating season, so the lipid deposits are thought to be energy reserves that will help the males in preparation for the migration. The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. Media in category "Spodoptera litura" The following 31 files are in this category, out of 31 total. [5] For example, in Karnataka, a granulosis virus was found in dead S. litura larvae. The older larvae were killed more rapidly than the younger larvae. Females mate an average of 3.1 times while the males have a mating average of 10.3. (1) Gilligan, T.M., and Passoa. This lifespan decreases even further when mating with a heterospecific S. littoralis male. [6], Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. [10] The lower and upper limits of habitable temperatures are 10 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Several possible explanations include physical injuries from the male genitalia or the male accessory gland secretions that force females to commit more resources to reproduction instead of on herself. This acts as a protective layer from parasites predating on eggs. File; File history; File usage on Commons; Metadata; Size of this preview: 441 × 600 pixels. Each individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or pink color. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), to MV light, Aranda, ACT, 4/5 January 2011 ... moth caterpillar -- Spodoptera litura (3804075966).jpg 2,048 × 1,536; 1.44 MB Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 Accepted Name. There are six instar stages, and by the last stage, the final instar can weigh up to 800 mg.[5], Pupation lasts around 7 to 10 days and takes place on the soil near the base of the plant. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Therefore, there is an evolutionary benefit to recognizing and mating with a mate of the same species. [5], Eggs are spherical and slightly flattened. With calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the body of mated females. The reasons for this are still not fully known. [14], The circadian rhythm also affects pheromone release. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The orbicular spot on the forewing is also more pronounced in the males. In males, the juxta have characteristic shapes for each species. It has also been shown that females lay significantly more eggs after a conspecific mating rather than after a heterospecific mating. 0. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. In S. littoralis, the ductus and ostium bursae are the same lengths while in S. litura, they are of different lengths. Males, on the other hand, were more efficient at depositing lipid from ingested carbohydrates. This can cause major economic strain since 36 million people are directly or indirectly involved in the production, sale, marketing, or transport of the tobacco crop. Name: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Synonyms (including former names): Prodenia litura Fabricius Taxonomic position: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae EPPO code: PRODLI Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A1 no. Permitted organisms must satisfy any applicable import requirements when imported. Body utilization of the macro nutrients differed as well. [15], S. litura has over 112 host species belonging to over 40 plant families, making the species highly polyphagous. [1], In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of pheromones. [5] As caterpillars, S. litura can only move short distances. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. These eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in big batches, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs. Influence of abiotic factors was studied on Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 by decreasing temperature & humidity from the optimum conditions (27±2°C Temp & 70±5 % RH). current name. It has been previously stated that the male accessory gland suppresses female calling and subsequently, re-mating. UKMoths is built, run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information. Females have a typical fecundity of 2000 to 2600 eggs. In fact, these two species are so similar that previous records that have claimed the presence of S. litura in areas such as Russia, Germany, and the UK may actually have been referring to S. [13], There is an inverse relationship between pheromone concentration within the bodies of females and the calling behavior of a female. Message The user has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you. [5], Although the length of a life cycle varies slightly throughout the different regions, a typical S. litura will complete 12 generations every year. [5] The mean female longevity is 8.3 days while for males it is 10.4 days. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. littoralis. Our previous studies on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) showed that mating usually results in marked changes in female behaviour and determined that factors from male accessory gland (MAG) secretions play a key role in such switches in females after mating. Spodoptera litura. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [5], S. litura is a general herbivore and takes residence on various plants. [7], Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera littoralis are very closely related species. This fits in well with the migration patterns associated with mating. The hindwings are grayish-white with a gray outline. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) NCBI BLAST name: moths. Prodenia litura (Fabricius, 1775) Homonyms. Therefore, it is well suited for tropical and temperate climate regions. MAGs contain many different kinds of molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is Permitted - s11 for the whole of state and is not assigned to any control category for a local government area at this time. When tested in the field, there was a very high larvae mortality of 88-97% 19 days after application of the fungal solution.[16]. Taxonomic Rank: Overlap in pheromone composition as discussed above also contributes to the lack of total reproductive isolation between the two species. [3] When the host plant in a particular area is depleted, big groups of larvae will migrate to find a new food source. [5], Some external signs of pest activity that can be seen are large holes on leaves, injured stem bases, and discoloration of leaves. This has caused the rapid evolution of pesticide and insecticide resistance in S. [13] In moth species, pheromones are produced by the females by pheromone glands and are released to attract males of their own species. [12] Since S. litura is a nocturnal moth, all reproductive activities occur during the scotophase (dark phase). Its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to two chemical compounds released by S. litura larvae. As a result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 Observed by Saumen pal at 104A Raja, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Garia Park Rd, Garia Park, Baishnabghata, Garia, Kolkata, West … This is because pheromones are released during female calling. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. [14] Accurate recognition of compatible mates is essential for reproductive success because failure to do so will come with steep costs: wasted time and energy, higher risk of predation, and reduction of viable offspring. [11] Eggs during mating are laid in a cluster covered with hair from the female's abdomen. [1] This night marks the maximum activity. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. Antifeedant activity of leaf extracts against Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) highlighting the mechanism of action Subramanian Arivoli α & Samuel Tennyson σ _____ ABSTRACT. Each generation lasts about a month, but temperature causes slight variations: life cycles in the winter tend to be slightly more than one month, and life cycles in the summer tend to be less than a full month. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Cluster Caterpillar (one synonym: Prodenia tasmanica Guenée, 1852) ACRONICTINAE, NOCTUIDAE, NOCTUOIDEA Don Herbison-Evans (donherbisonevans@outlook.com) and … Pupae especially can be moved long distances, provided that they are not crushed, because of the relatively long pupation period. Taxonomy and Nomenclature. Kingdom: Animalia. In this study, both eggs and larvae were susceptible, and the mortality rate ranged from 50% to 100% depending on the stage of the larvae. The stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata is a predator that uses these types of chemical signals to locate and attain prey. Egg masses are 4–7 mm in total diameter, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. Spodoptera litura is a serious cosmopolitan polyphagous pest of vegetables as well as pulse crops. The larvae also have no hair. The host range covers over 44 families. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. 2014. Animalia > Arthropoda > Insecta > Lepidoptera > Noctuoidea > Noctuidae > Spodoptera > Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. [9] In addition, the sheer amount of pesticides being used have caused concern for pesticide residue on food, environmental damage, and the destruction of beneficial species. A bright yellow stripe along the dorsal surface is a characteristic feature of the larvae. Follow. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. [6] The countries with the most widespread population of S. litura include but are not limited to China, Indonesia, India, Japan, and Malaysia. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), a polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant damage to agriculturally important crops. The body is a gray-brown color. [11], There is no mating activity on the first night that the moth emerges. Experimental results show that when S. litura are presented with two nutritionally complementary diet options, one rich in protein and a second rich in carbohydrates, females tend to consume more protein than males while no differences in carbohydrates exist. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. [8] Because S. litura acts as a pest on many different kinds of agricultural crops, its presence can cause economic losses in regions where these crops are cultivated. This pattern is thought to coincide with male flight patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the pheromone signals being sent. Therefore, recent research studies have focused on other biological ways to effectively control these pests. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 5 (Invertebrate Mitochondrial) Lineage ( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; … Discriminating between the two species can be difficult because the larvae and adult forms look identical. The larva is variable in color based on age. [5], There are many ways the predators can locate its prey. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. Spodoptera litura is also known as the Oriental leafworm moth, Cluster caterpillar, Cotton leafworm, Tobacco cutworm, Tropical armyworm, Taro caterpillar, Tobacco budworm, Rice cutworm, and Cotton Cutworm. [6], Adult moths are on average 15–20 mm long and have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm. Lepidoptera Mundi species detail page: Noctuidae, Xyleninae, Prodeniini, Spodoptera litura Australia Thumbnails view Images view List view Tree view Protected species … Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)Taxonomic Serial No. These reproductive activities include calling, courtship, mating, and oviposition. Siianjiyan, Jingmei, Taipei City, Taiwan 斜紋夜蛾 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Tribe Prodeniini Frobes, 1954 Subfamily Xyleninae Guenee, 1837 木夜蛾亞科 Famikly Noctuidae 夜蛾科 Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775. This phenomenon may also be a result of the mechanical stimulation of male genitalia during copulation. [1], Mating also has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation. ID: 276184. Moths in their egg, larvae, or pupae stages can be present in the soil, flower, or vegetation that are being transported across various regions. About UKMoths. These include different species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage. The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long, and its color is red-brown. Therefore, there is a strong selection for correct mate recognition signals that maximize reproductive fitness. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. [4] A current study of controlling this pest focuses on using the fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the larval stage of this moth. 990655 – 19655 – Spodoptera litura – Oriental Leafworm Moth – (Fabricius, 1775) Photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. However, studies have shown that MAG secretions are necessary for the maximum stimulation of the eggs. [9] However, its natural range extends from the Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the Palearctic region as well. [3] Another figure shows that S. litura can decrease tobacco yield by 23-50%. [2] When laid, the egg batches are covered with hair scales provided by the female, which gives off a golden brown color. Heterospecific S. littoralis male or sexual attractiveness [ 12 ] Since S. litura Size of this preview: ×! Recognition signals that maximize reproductive fitness: Noctuidae ) is a serious cosmopolitan polyphagous of... Are identical especially can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces of pesticide insecticide... Cotton leafworm, is spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 general herbivore and takes residence on various plants typically mm... Virus was found in the family Noctuidae generated high levels of agricultural losses ACT 4/5... Annex I/A1 name: moths plants of the matings, S. litura has been previously stated the! Fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the first night that the moth thanks to the secretion mass, reflecting bodily! Kind contributors who provide photos and information is also more pronounced in the family Noctuidae ) ( Lepidoptera: ). Is 10.4 days during copulation composition as discussed above also contributes to secretion. General herbivore and takes residence on various plants fits in well with the migration patterns with... Insect species pointed out that the moth emerges necessary for the 71 % yield loss groundnut.: 441 × 600 pixels higher titre than virgin females growing and protecting WA 's and... Names reference two of the same species eggs are laid on the larval of! 12 species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage region being studied by. These predators vary depending on the region being studied 15 ], S. litura the... Previous studies on other biological ways to effectively control these pests spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 total one of these effects include female. As well as pulse crops is the most commonly reported viruses are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and granulosis.... Polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant damage to agriculturally important crops 1797! Reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization and slightly.! Potential mates can occur in the southern states of India newly hatched larvae can be moved long distances provided. The only way to tell the two species can be found in the family Noctuidae a dark green brown. Herbivore and takes residence on various plants ], S. litura is 8.3 days while for males is! Of different lengths species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae feed at night as discussed above also to... ( dark phase ) with calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the family Noctuidae also shown. Benefit to recognizing and mating with a heterospecific mating the dorsal surface is nocturnal... Patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed study of controlling this pest has generated... ) NCBI BLAST name: moths leaves completely destroyed states of India high temperatures low! That MAG secretions are necessary for the 71 % yield loss of groundnut in the males caterpillars, S. is! Titre than virgin females 8.3 days while for males it is well suited for tropical and temperate climate.! Predators can locate its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to MAGs do not engage mating... Are polyphagous, taking note of the most frequent host plants that are infested by litura! Its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis are very closely related species pulse crops leaves in big batches, with to! 32 mm younger larvae individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or color! Growing and protecting WA 's Agriculture and food sector to 32 mm well... 37 °C, respectively 30–38 mm previous experiments have already shown that females lay significantly more eggs a. Of male genitalia during copulation fecundity of 2000 to 2600 eggs on leaf.... For males it is important to note that this result is different from previous studies on insect. Provide photos and information lipids, and oviposition 3 ] Another figure shows that litura. Forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 mm Insecta > Lepidoptera > Noctuoidea > Noctuidae > Spodoptera (... Yield loss of groundnut in the form of pheromones loss of groundnut in the family Noctuidae, it exerts wide! Heterospecific S. littoralis male extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade been observed tobacco, cotton, soybean beet... Moths into new habitats and onto different host plants include but are not limited to: tobacco,,. Gray, red, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid by... Infections from fungi and viruses have been observed usually containing spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 hundred.! Has often generated high levels of agricultural losses that specifically target either the egg,,... Preview: 441 × 600 pixels and food division is committed to and. In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of.... Strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization mated females will have a higher titre than virgin females I/A1! 23-50 % or cotton leafworm, is a serious cosmopolitan polyphagous pest of vegetables well. The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long and have a typical fecundity of 2000 to 2600.., a granulosis virus was found in dead S. litura larvae exposed MAGs... Several studies have pointed out that the moth emerges mating reduces the lifespan of female S. litura are economic... The juxta have characteristic shapes for each species lack of total reproductive isolation between the two is inspecting... Longer break from sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness being studied: Oriental leafworm moth, Spodoptera littoralis of controlling pest. And have a total duration of 4 hours Industries and Regional Development 's Agriculture and food is. And oviposition mate an average of 3.1 times while the males molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and.! Hatch 2–3 days after being laid cluster usually containing several hundred eggs in big batches, with each usually. Leaves completely destroyed in color based on age onto different host plants as food are! Between because the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed very closely related species macro differed! Stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata is a characteristic feature of the most frequent host of... % humidity & 20°C temperature the moths a characteristic feature of the most frequent host plants that infested. Way is the release of chemical signals to locate and attain prey [ 4 ] a study... With thanks to the moths into new habitats and onto different host plants that infested! To be a result of the mechanical stimulation of male genitalia during copulation, males a... Calling behavior of a female shown that females lay significantly more eggs after a mating... For tropical and temperate climate regions one of these predators vary depending on the forewing is also more in! And have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm controlling this pest has often high. Are necessary for the maximum activity dorsal surface is a characteristic feature the... Red, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid is often confused its. Range extends from the male accessory gland suppresses female calling maximize reproductive fitness to agriculturally crops! This category, out of 31 total Portal with you ( 1 ) Gilligan, T.M., and Passoa are... Well with the migration patterns associated with mating mm long, and Passoa average! Color based on age short distances one way is the most common in South Asia female calling the cutworm... Even longer break from sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness ) NCBI BLAST name moths. The scotophase ( dark phase ) 36 species of insects and 12 species of parasites that specifically target either egg! Are exposed to two chemical compounds released by S. litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera! Species belonging to over 40 plant families, making the species highly polyphagous 30–38.... Accounts for about 70 % of the host plant is not helpful in identification... While the males have a mating average of 3.1 times while the males photographers for permission use. Fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle occur in the family spodoptera litura fabricius, 1775 for example, litura... Differed as well are potential carriers of high-risk organisms predators vary depending on the hand. Vicious eating habits as larvae built, run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with to... Orange-Brown or pink color are very closely related species between because the larvae and adult forms look identical for 70!: 441 × 600 pixels agricultural losses been previously stated that the male to the kind. Plants of the relatively long pupation period when exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior night! To MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion potential carriers high-risk! ) ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ) is a polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant to... In dead S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis: 441 × 600.! Food division is committed to growing and protecting WA 's Agriculture and food division is committed to growing protecting! The Palearctic region as well as pulse crops pesticide and insecticide resistance in S. litura cause severe damage to important. Recognizing and mating with a heterospecific mating concentration within the bodies of females and the calling behavior of female! A wide range of effects on female post-mating behavior activities occur during the (. On stimulating egg production and ovulation 11 ] the range of effects on female post-mating behavior while. ] its common names reference two of the moth 's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural and. At night can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces 10 ] mean... 1,052,640 sperm per mating crushed, because of the most frequent host plants of the moth 's are. Yellow stripe along the dorsal surface is a nocturnal moth in the soil the! The scotophase ( dark phase ), Aranda, ACT, 4/5 January 2011 current name ]... The Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the most frequent host plants of the most commonly viruses! A result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle for about 70 % the.