5. Soviet Union industries produced every domestic product from pin to cars, whose quality might not match with that of the west technology. (b) Gorbachev focused to normalise relations with the west. Just before Soviet oil production peaked in 1988 (the event walked hand in hand with a major drop in oil prices), the empire realized that it no longer had enough black gold to pay its bills. Privatisation led to new disparities. Proved reserves of oil and natural gas held by the Financial Reporting System (FRS) companies rose for both oil and natural gas in 2009, with oil reserves increasing at almost twice the rate of natural gas . 1. (d) Due to non-participation of people, the government lost popular support from all sides. The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft. 4. Russia has the largest reserves and is the largest exporter of natural gas. 3. This issue was resolved quickly by making these republics as founding (d) Crises in the Middle East On a political map of world locate and label the following by giving symbols to them: However, the Soviet Union became a leading producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas in the 1960’s. Fuel supply chaos At the start of the Great Patriotic War, as it was known in the Soviet Union, there was a good supply of fuel, but no well-defined strategy for its storage and supply to the combat army. (a) Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for ten years till 2001. Russian exports consist of more than 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) of oil and nearly 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) of refined products, which go mainly to the European market. 5. Which republic dominated in the USSR? (a) The Soviet Union assisted India’s public sector companies at a time when such assistance was difficult to get. Large natural gas reserves discovered in Siberia and the Ural and Volga regions in the 1970s and 1980s enabled the Soviet Union to become a major gas producer. Answer: Russia. 1. Sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential. Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan (5). 2. With Comecon’s collapse and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself, individual republics began to develop their own trading relations with the outside world. The odd thing is, the Soviet Union, even with a planned communist economy, managed to become a super-power with a military prowess that scared the West. To keep the USSR abreast of the 3. Higher world oil prices, the use of Japanese technology, and the … Russia's oil and gas companies The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil , Surgutneftegaz , Gazprom Neft and Tatneft . Large natural gas reserves discovered in Siberia and the Ural and Volga regions in the 1970s and 1980s enabled the Soviet Union to become a major gas producer. 1. (a) Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements. 4. He explained that the projected volume of gas that will flow to China, starting in 2025 or 2026 is going to be 38 billion cubic metres per year, which is pretty close to the annual exports to the former Soviet Union. 7. Answer: The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine, Georgia and others proved to be the most immediate cause for disintegration of the USSR. (a) The only ruling Communist Party was not accountable despite its rule of 70 years. Answer: (a) socialist (b) Warsaw Pact Write a note on tension and conflicts that occurred in Russia. The Soviet Union lagged behind the West in technology, infrastructure (transport, power etc.) Soviet system lacked democracy and the freedom of speech of people was also snatched away. Gas exploration, development, and distribution were centralized in the Ministry of Gas Industry, which was created in 1965. members of Commonwealth of Independent States. Why did Gorbachev’s reform policy fail in spite of his accurate diagnosis of the problem? In December 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin Russia, Ukraine and Baltics declared themselves as sovereign states. 1. "Western Opportunities for Investment in the Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union." The end of the Soviet Union, in other words, was more an admixture of Tsarist-rooted “economic backwardness,” population centers far removed from oil and gas sources, “the inherent contradictions of the Soviet system,” and fluctuations in global oil prices than of Reagan-era pressures. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo- Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001. 5. Russia is also benefitted from India on ground of the second largest arms market for Russia. Drilling Down. What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR? Answer. Azerbaijan - oil, gas and energy. What was Soviet system? Russia’s major oil producers have so far declined to comment on their output targets for next year. Answer: I. In Eastern Europe: 2. 1. 1. Answer: The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India can be analysed as follows: members of Commonwealth of Independent States. Soviet Union had tight control over in the USSR in 1985. Beginning in May 2005, oil from the southern sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline (built by a BP-led consortium) to the Turkish seaport of Ceyhan. Many of those who look at peak oil consider the world’s peak oil, as shown in Reynolds (1999b and 2009), to be a short run phenomenon and that, rather like the Soviet Union, oil production will soon increase again possibly because of the Iraqis newly revitalized oil sector. 2. Central Asia's abundant resources — including oil, natural gas, minerals and cotton — went toward sustaining the Soviet economic machine, and road, railway and pipeline networks linked the region to Russia. This led to shortage of consumer goods and increased food import every year. Soviet economy experienced a complex communication network, vast energy resources and an efficient transport sector to connect its remotest areas. Answer: It was based on the principle of egalitarian society and planned economy controlled by the state. Introduction The Influence of Natural Resources on Economic Development: a Brief Review of Theories and the Problems of Applying Them to the Case of the USSR Discovering Oil From Azerbaijan to Western Siberia Estimates of the Russian Economy’s Resource Rent in the Soviet Period Energy Efficiency of the Soviet Economy as an Indicator of Weakening of Energy Preservation Incentives Oil and Gas in Soviet Foreign … Ans: 1. Several months after President Donald Trump was inaugurated in January 2017, SMW Partners was hired to lobby the White House on behalf of two high-profile clients from the former Soviet Union… 2. 2. After 1991, it broke apart with several provinces like Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring independence. The members of communist party felt that their power and privileges were eroding and Gorbachev was moving too quickly. Read the following passage (NCERT Textbook, page 27) carefully and answer the questions: However, information about the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 was suppressed by the Soviet authorities until perestroika . The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. 5. (d) Every aspect of the economy was planned and contained by the state. 4. Passage Based Questions [5 Marks] Yugoslavia (6). and Samuelson, who extol the virtues of markets for organizing an economy. SUMMARY The Soviet Union, including its Republics and Autonomous Regions, although remaining the world's largest oil and gas producer, is seeking the co-operation of the international oil … Match the following: Most dominating republic of Soviet Union. Also, the Soviet Union was an oil exporter, and at a lower price, it earned less profit for the oil it exported. (e) Even countries and provinces are fighting over river water. These policy changes have already triggered a slowdown in oil-sector growth, particularly in Russia. Just before Soviet oil production peaked in 1988 (the event walked hand in hand with a major drop in oil prices), the empire realized that it no longer had enough black gold to pay its bills. The US, the only superpower could dominate the world and make a unipolar world. The 8-year effort of Western capital, technology, and diplomacy had aimed to … Turkmenistan (4) and Uzbekistan (5). It created “the largest garage sale in history” which led virtual disappearance of entire industries for the restructuring was carried out by market forces in place of government owned policies. Mention any two possibilities which were being presumed in changed scenario of world politics after disintegration of the USSR. It also involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up and currency convertibility. Deprived of cheap oil and … 2. The economy was planned and controlled by the state only. Gas exploration, development, and distribution were centralized in the Ministry of Gas Industry, which was created in 1965. The positive outlook for the Former Soviet Union comes on the back of an incredibly productive year for Russia. A turnaround in Russian oil output began in 1999, which many analysts attribute to the privatization of the industry. Gazprom Group’s major hydrocarbon exploration and production projects abroad. (c) Change in the balance of power in the world order government and Soviet control. The Saudi sheiks prospered and quickly gained enormous wealth. The Soviet system ensured a minimum standard of living for its citizens. (c) India too supported Soviet foreign policy in some crucial but indirect ways. of several provinces independently following a massacre of non-serb Bosnians. 9. Who was Gorbachev? Mention the causes of Soviet disintegration. Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1985. 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