Data collected over Canada by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission allowed geophysicists to isolate the gravity signal associated with glacial isostatic adjustment from longer–time scale process of mantle convection occurring beneath the Canadian Shield. Lavoie, D., Pinet, N., Dietrich, J. and Chen, Z., 2015. Founded on May 2, 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company opened its first department store in 1881 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Some parts of Canada and especially The Hudson Bay, have less gravity than the rest of the earth. [51][52] With no sale finalized by July 2016, OmniTRAX shut down the port and the major railroad freight operations in August 2016. It was only during the later part of the Cambrian that the rising sea level of the Sauk marine transgression slowly submerged it. This ice sheet was almost 2 miles (3.2 km) thick in most sections, and in two areas of Hudson Bay, it was 2.3 miles (3.7 km) thick. During the Devonian Period, this basin filled with terrestrial red beds that interfinger with marine limestone and dolomites. [23], The Hudson Bay region has very low year-round average temperatures. One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the world's oceans, thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice-free. The only Arctic deep-water port in Canada is the Port of Churchill, located at Churchill, Manitoba. When the ice cleared in the spring, Hudson wanted to explore the rest of the area, but the crew mutinied on June 22, 1611. Since then, scientists have been trying to figure out what is causing this anomaly but, up until today, they don’t know the exact answer. [2][4] The unconformity between the Early Proterozoic Nastapoka Group and the underlying Archean Superior craton lies just inland of Nastapoka arc as defined by the edge of arcuate eastern coastline of Hudson Bay. The average annual temperature for Churchill at 59°N is −6 °C or 21.2 °F and Inukjuak facing cool westerlies in summer at 58°N an even colder −7 °C or 19.4 °F. Discovery became trapped in the ice over the winter, and the crew survived onshore at the southern tip of James Bay. [16] The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed, called Rupert's Land. Less common in occurrence are layered gneisses, migmatites and hybrid rocks that often form easterly trending linear belts. Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin. The Port of Churchill is a privately-owned port on Hudson Bay in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua,[2] French: baie d'Hudson) (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km2 (470,000 sq mi). Signs of numerous former beachfronts can be seen far inland from the current shore. At the extreme southern tip of the extension known as James Bay arises a humid continental climate with a longer and generally hotter summer. Beals, C. S. (editor), p. 1015–1033. The area is drained by a large number of rivers and has formed a characteristic vegetation known as muskeg. In August 1972, Robert S. Dietz and J. Paul Barringer[7] conducted an extensive search of much of the Nastapoka arc with First Nations and Inuit canoes and fishing boats in an investigation of its impact origin. 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