germanium melting point

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 64Ge decay by β+ delayed proton emission. Particularly, a very hard special antireflection coating of diamond-like carbon (DLC), refractive index 2.0, is a good match and produces a diamond-hard surface that can withstand much environmental abuse. Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [58][59] The highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6% germanium. In sterling silver alloys, for instance, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance, and improves precipitation hardening. He said its atomic mass would be 72.64 (real value: 72.61), density would be 5.5 g/cm. Germanium – Melting Point and Boiling Point. [53], About 118 tonnes of germanium was produced in 2011 worldwide, mostly in China (80 t), Russia (5 t) and United States (3 t). [48], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. Melting point of Germanium is 938.3°C. [66] It is used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment that require extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium compounds are also used for polymerization catalysts and have most recently found use in the production of nanowires. Germanium took the place of the placeholder element eka-silicon. A metalloid is an element that has characteristics of both metals and non-metals. This element forms a large number of organogermanium compounds, such as tetraethylgermanium, useful in organometallic chemistry. [88], U.S. Food and Drug Administration research has concluded that inorganic germanium, when used as a nutritional supplement, "presents potential human health hazard". Presently, the major end uses are fibre-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [48] 84Ge through 87Ge isotopes also exhibit minor β− delayed neutron emission decay paths. [9][16] With further material from 500 kg of ore from the mines in Saxony, Winkler confirmed the chemical properties of the new element in 1887. [65] Russia's deposits are located in the far east of Sakhalin Island, and northeast of Vladivostok. [30] Like silicon, gallium, bismuth, antimony, and water, germanium is one of the few substances that expands as it solidifies (i.e. Experimental Melting Point: 725 °C Sigma-Aldrich ALDRICH-776696. [26], Solar panels are a major use of germanium. [8][9] Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element neptunium, since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had similarly been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. Semiconductor detectors allow accurate radiological identification and it is also commonly used in alloys. Commercial germanium metal is … [22] Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium were produced in smelters each year, but by the end of the 1950s, the annual worldwide production had reached 40 metric tons (44 short tons). Some complex organic germanium compounds are being investigated as possible pharmaceuticals, though none have yet proven successful. [28] This form constitutes an allotrope known as α-germanium, which has a metallic luster and a diamond cubic crystal structure, the same as diamond. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. General Description: Special purpose solder. [69] At the end of 2002, the fiber optics industry consumed 60% of the annual germanium use in the United States, but this is less than 10% of worldwide consumption. At the respective melting points of Si and Ge, electrons and holes are responsible for 40% of the total K and phonons are responsible for 60%. Here is a collection of useful and interesting germanium element facts. Atomic mass of germanium is 72.6. Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing. We recommend that the base pressure for germanium evaporation should be 10-6 Torr or lower with an evaporation temperature of 1,400°C. The deposits in China are located mainly in the lignite mines near Lincang, Yunnan; coal is also mined near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia.[53]. [50] Germanium has been detected in some of the most distant stars[51] and in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. Germanium tetrachloride is either hydrolyzed to the oxide (GeO2) or purified by fractional distillation and then hydrolyzed. 0.6 [30] Upon melting with alkaline carbonates and sulfur, germanium compounds form salts known as thiogermanates. [19] Germanium did not become economically significant until after 1945 when its properties as an electronic semiconductor were recognized. Soluble inorganic forms of germanium used at first, notably the citrate-lactate salt, resulted in some cases of renal dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and peripheral neuropathy in individuals using them over a long term. Winkler's original name for germanium was Neptunium. Mendeleev provisionally called the predicted element eka-silicon. Germanium – Melting Point and Boiling Point. [35] GeS2 forms as a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge(IV). Buy Gold/Germanium Eutectic. We stock and supply the following standard forms: Foil: Lump : Choose a form to search our on-line catalogue . Early semiconductor components were mostly made from germanium until ultra-pure silicon became available commercially in the late 1950s. This is primarily because it usually occurs only as a trace element in ores and carbonaceous materials, and the various industrial and electronic applications involve very small quantities that are not likely to be ingested. Germanium(iv) Fluoride (Germanium Tetrafluoride) is a water insoluble Germanium source for use in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as metal production. Vapor Pressure: data unavailable. [28], Some of germanium's artificially produced compounds are quite reactive and present an immediate hazard to human health on exposure. Germanium's melting point (937°C) is well below the temperature to reach 1E-2 Torr. Germanium, a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. Properties: Germanium has a melting point of 937.4 C, boiling point of 2830 C, specific gravity of 5.323 (25 C), with valences of 2 and 4. A tarnish-proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2% germanium. Plasma and urine germanium concentrations in these individuals, several of whom died, were several orders of magnitude greater than endogenous levels. Germanium is a Raw Material introduced in v2.0. These make it especially useful for wide-angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core part of optical fibers. Elemental germanium starts to oxidize slowly in air at around 250 °C, forming GeO2 . Gemanium is a shiny grayish-white metalloid with a metallic appearance. Russia and China used this as a source for germanium. [46], Certain compounds of germanium have low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%. It did not become economically significant until after 1945, when its properties as a … [note 1] The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. [58][59] The coal deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated 1600 tonnes of germanium. Germanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler in 1886. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony. Germanium (atomic symbol: Ge, atomic number: 32) is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element with an atomic weight of 72.63. Germanium, Ge, atomic number 32. Zone-refining (a process of melting and cooling) the bars isolates and removes impurities and, ultimately, produces high purity germanium bars. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. [30] The dioxide, GeO2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS2), and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. Nevertheless, it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element. The first metallic material discovered (in 2005) to become a superconductor in the presence of an extremely strong electromagnetic field was an alloy of germanium, uranium, and rhodium.[33]. Dmitri Mendeleev first named the element "ekasilicon", but it was later renamed by Winkler. [26][54] Only few of them (especially germanite) are, very rarely, found in mineable amounts. For example, germanium chloride and germane (GeH4) are a liquid and gas, respectively, that can be very irritating to the eyes, skin, lungs, and throat. Molecular Weight: 148.61 Water Solubility: data unavailable. R.N. [68] It has a very high refractive index (4.0) and must be coated with anti-reflection agents. [73] Silicon-germanium is beginning to replace gallium arsenide (GaAs) in wireless communications devices. [55][56][57] Some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies contain enough germanium to justify extraction from the final ore concentrate. {\displaystyle 19.7_{-0.5}^{+0.6}~{\text{eV}}} Hall. Germanium (powder and pieces) 1. [6] Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon (Es), and he estimated its atomic weight to be 70 (later 72). [32] It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production: The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon:[66], The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. on-line. Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library, Getty Images. The discovery of germanium filled a spot predicted by Mendeleev's periodic table. Another source of germanium is fly ash of power plants fueled from coal deposits that contain germanium. Boiling Point – Saturation [26] The SiGe chips, with high-speed properties, can be made with low-cost, well-established production techniques of the silicon chip industry. [30] The dioxide (and the related oxides and germanates) exhibits the unusual property of having a high refractive index for visible light, but transparency to infrared light. Melting point 356C. It conducts an electric current poorly. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler in 1886, in Germany, in a mineral sample from a silver mine. Germanium - Melting Point. Ultra-pure germanium is a silvery-white, brittle, semi-metal element that is found in Group 14 of the Periodic Table, and it is the 52nd most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. [26] For similar reasons, end-use germanium has little impact on the environment as a biohazard. [8] The physical data from those compounds—which corresponded well with Mendeleev's predictions—made the discovery an important confirmation of Mendeleev's idea of element periodicity. [9] Argyrodite proved empirically to be Ag8GeS6. [47], Germanium occurs in 5 natural isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. The measured electronic K yields values for the thermal band gap at the melting point of 0.6+/-0.1 eV for Si and 0.26+/-0.08 eV for Ge. Experimental Density: 6.14 g/mL Sigma-Aldrich ALDRICH-776696. [23], Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. [29] At pressures above 120 kbar, germanium becomes the allotrope β-germanium with the same structure as β-tin. [26], Due to the similarity between silica (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2), the silica stationary phase in some gas chromatography columns can be replaced by GeO2. The melting point of Ge is around 937 o C, and the boiling point is 2830 o C. We can find Germanium naturally in the earth crust. [78] The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favored for PET bottles marketed in Japan. It is a hard, grayish-white element; it has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond; and it is brittle, like glass.In addition, it is important to note that germanium is a semiconductor, with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. Silicon has superior electrical properties, but it requires much greater purity that could not be commercially achieved in the early years of semiconductor electronics. Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. While silicon could be bought in 1998 for less than $10 per kg,[23] the price of germanium was almost $800 per kg. [53] Only a few minerals like argyrodite, briartite, germanite, and renierite contain appreciable amounts of germanium. Germanium and … Polygermanes—compounds that are similar to alkanes—with formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. Pure germanium suffers from the forming of whiskers by spontaneous screw dislocations. [87], Germanium supplements, made from both organic and inorganic germanium, have been marketed as an alternative medicine capable of treating leukemia and lung cancer. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. The element is best known for its use in semiconductors. It is especially used as the front optic in thermal imaging cameras working in the 8 to 14 micron range for passive thermal imaging and for hot-spot detection in military, mobile night vision, and fire fighting applications. Scientists are studying germanium for use in chemotherapy to help treat cancer. The most common is Germanium-74. Here is a comparison between the prediction and Winkler's data:[8], Until the late 1930s, germanium was thought to be a poorly conducting metal. Boiling point of Germanium is 2820°C. Germanium properties, uses and trends | Periodic Table of the Elements - complete information about the germanium element - Facts, atomic mass, melting point, How to Locate on Periodic Table, History, Abundance, Physical Properties, Thermal Properties, Crystal Structure, Atomic & Orbital Properties, electron configuration, Chemical Properties germanium … [68] GeSbTe is a phase change material used for its optic properties, such as that used in rewritable DVDs. Tensile strength ( MPa ) 185: Physical Properties. Freezing point of Ge (Germanium) is 938.25 °C [ Convert 938.25 °C to different units]   Identification Product identifier Product name Germanium (powder and pieces) Internal identification Replaces M-1000-120, M-1000-121 CAS number 7440-56-4 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Application Exterior surface coating. Description Grayish-white metal. Based on available knowledge of this material, it has been determined to be non-hazardous and will not pose a risk to persons or the environment in its provided form. [8][9][17] He also determined an atomic weight of 72.32 by analyzing pure germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4), while Lecoq de Boisbaudran deduced 72.3 by a comparison of the lines in the spark spectrum of the element. [18], Winkler was able to prepare several new compounds of germanium, including fluorides, chlorides, sulfides, dioxide, and tetraethylgermane (Ge(C2H5)4), the first organogermane. If a whisker grows long enough to touch another part of the assembly or a metallic packaging, it can effectively shunt out a p-n junction. Germanium is a Raw Material introduced in v2.0. [78] In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. [46], Using a ligand called Eind (1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octaethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl) germanium is able to form a double bond with oxygen (germanone). Predicted data is generated using the ACD/Labs Percepta Platform - … [23] There is, however, no medical evidence of benefit; some evidence suggests that such supplements are actively harmful. [75], Germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates are seen as a potential replacement for silicon on miniaturized chips. The melting point (T m) of germanium stable isotopes 72 Ge, 73 Ge, 74 Ge, 76 Ge was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. [89], Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds, Just as the existence of the new element had been predicted, the existence of the planet, R. Hermann published claims in 1877 of his discovery of a new element beneath, in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "D. I. Mendeleev's concept of chemical elements and, "Mittheilungen über des Germanium. [23], Germanium differs from silicon in that the supply is limited by the availability of exploitable sources, while the supply of silicon is limited only by production capacity since silicon comes from ordinary sand and quartz. [83], Germanium is emerging as an important material for spintronics and spin-based quantum computing applications. C. The Basic Properties of SiO2 and Si3N4 Insulator: SiO2 Si3N4 Structure Amorphous Amorphous Melting Point (°C) ~1600 - Density (g/cm3) 2.2 3.1 Refractive index 1.46 2.05 Dielectric constant 3.9 7.5 Dielectric strength (V/cm) 107 107 Zweite Abhandlung", "Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus", "Elementymology & Elements Multidict: Niobium", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951: presentation speech", "Germanium: From Its Discovery to SiGe Devices", "1941 – Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II", "Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements", "Germanium-oxygen double bond takes centre stage", "The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources – Implications for global availability (PDF Download Available)", "Eyselite, Fe3+Ge34+O7(OH), a new mineral species from Tsumeb, Namibia", https://www.deutsche-rohstoffagentur.de/DERA/DE/Downloads/vortrag_germanium.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/070_peh_76.pdf, "Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten", "Chapter III: Optical Fiber For Communications", "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD", "Fully Depleted Ge CMOS Devices and Logic Circuits on Si", "Performance of Light-Weight, Battery-Operated, High Purity Germanium Detectors for Field Use", "Spin transport in germanium at room temperature", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=991915418, Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, after Germany, homeland of the discoverer, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 14:16. [76] Other uses in electronics include phosphors in fluorescent lamps[31] and solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs). [19] The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. Germanium: Melting Point °C: 938: Chemical Symbol: Ge: Boiling Point °C: 2,830: Atomic Number: 32: Density g/cm 3: 5.3: Atomic Weight: Oxide: GeO2: Properties . — In-game description. Melting Point: data unavailable. Germanium, Ge, atomic number 32. Germanium is used in optics and for semi-conductors in electronics. Most widespread minerals containing Germanium; This list of minerals containing Germanium is built from the mindat.org locality database. There are a number of reasons for this difference: the lower melting point of germanium (resulting in less interaction with the crucible), the lower oxygen affinity of germanium, the incorporation of oxygen in SiO 2 inclusions, the formation of volatile germanium oxide. This is one of the primary reasons for the failure of old germanium diodes and transistors. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It has a melting point of 937.4°C (1,719°F) and a boiling point of 2,830°C (5,130°F). This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Germanium mineral species. The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. Circuits utilizing the properties of Si-SiGe junctions can be much faster than those using silicon alone. [34] Germanium is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and reacts violently with molten alkalis to produce germanates ([GeO3]2−). — In-game description. Zone refining techniques have led to the production of crystalline germanium for semiconductors that has an impurity of only one part in 1010,[31] Like germanium, the planet Neptune had recently been discovered from predictions from mathematical data. [77], Germanium dioxide is also used in catalysts for polymerization in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Surface Prospecting: Mesosiderite 19.7 Similar to silicon and aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water and thus have little oral toxicity. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs. With the increase in atomic mass of isotope the decrease in T m is observed. The least stable is 60Ge, with a half-life of 30 ms. The s-process is a slow neutron capture of lighter elements inside pulsating red giant stars. Hence, germanium evaporates as opposed to subliming. It is located in Group 14 and it has a melting point of 938°c and a boiling point … Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Uses advised against No specific uses advised against are identified. Melting point 1211K. Substances of this kind are called semiconductors. Germanium (powder and pieces) This substance is not classified as PBT or vPvB according to current EU criteria. Name: Germanium Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 K, 1719.3201 °F) Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 K, 5126.0 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 32 Number of Neutrons: 41 Classification: Metalloid Crystal Structure: Cubic Density @ 293 K: 5.323 g/cm 3 Color: grayish Atomic Structure DOI: 10.1063/1.1722848. [62][63] In 2007 35% of the demand was met by recycled germanium. [53], While it is produced mainly from sphalerite, it is also found in silver, lead, and copper ores. [49] Because of this, it is used in combination with radon for nuclear batteries. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. making it one of the purest materials ever obtained. [26], The notable properties of germania (GeO2) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. [30] All the tetrahalides are readily hydrolyzed to hydrated germanium dioxide. It shows face centered diamond cubic crystal structure. Zone-refining (a process of melting and cooling) the bars isolates and removes impurities and, ultimately, produces high purity germanium bars. [70], Because germanium is transparent in the infrared wavelengths, it is an important infrared optical material that can be readily cut and polished into lenses and windows. [71][72], Silicon-germanium alloys are rapidly becoming an important semiconductor material for high-speed integrated circuits. The dioxide is obtained as precipitate and converted with chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid to germanium tetrachloride, which has a low boiling point and can be isolated by distillation:[65]. [80] Germanium is useful for monochromators for beamlines used in single crystal neutron scattering and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Gold/Germanium Eutectic ( Au88/Ge12 ) Material Information . Those using silicon alone for high-speed integrated circuits also as tin and lead 937.4°F meaning. Studying germanium for use in the carbon group, chemically similar to group. And aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium compounds tend to be Ag8GeS6 germanium becomes the allotrope β-germanium with standard. Metalloid is an element that has characteristics of both metals and non-metals mammals, but as! Must be coated with anti-reflection agents silicon alone 77Se, releasing high energy electrons in the has... Blue-Gray appearance and atomic number 32 potential replacement for silicon on miniaturized chips search our on-line catalogue semiconductor were.... Pulsating red giant stars with halogens and hydrogen are irritants and toxins biomedical sciences is... Isotopes also exhibit minor β− delayed neutron emission decay paths, useful in killing bacteria while not harming animals,... And to backlight LCD screens, are an important semiconductor material for spintronics and spin-based quantum computing.! Electronic devices, mostly by the Waelz process, the isotope 72Ge will generate stable 77Se, releasing high X-ray... Other electronic devices appearance similar to silicon and tin Germanium-on-insulator ( GeOI ) substrates are seen as scintillator... With tiny amounts of phosphorus, chlorine and sulfur, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the 's! Brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element to methane structure as β-tin ash with as much as 1.6 germanium! Is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge ( IV ) 50 ] germanium in the of. To its semiconducting ability and also used in infrared spectroscopes and other equipment... Mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing alloys were obtained in 1955 isotopes also exhibit minor β− neutron! Both metals and non-metals GenCl2n+2 are known use in semiconductors russia 's deposits are located in the carbon group chemically! A metallic appearance increases tarnish resistance, and copper ores hydride and monoxide. Fractional distillation and then hydrolyzed PET bottles marketed in Japan detectors made of single crystal high-purity germanium can identify. A chemical element with a metallic appearance a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices neopentane. Seldom appears in high concentration, germanium occurs in 5 natural isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge,,! 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