प फ ब भ म Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use of participial constructions[86] and also to a certain extent the use of the two anaphoric pronouns swətah and apəṇ. The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. 100 Nice baby girl names in Marathi with meanings – मराठी नाव [2020] October 17, 2020 October 21, 2020 Baby girl names in Marathi language originated from Sanskrit so you will find many ancient, historical as well as modern baby names for Marathi girl. Studies and Research in Marathi", "Clamour grows for Marathi to be given classical language status", "The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)", "Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo", Issues of Language and Representation: Babu Rao Bagul, "City hails Pantawane as 'father of Dalit literature, "How three generations of Dalit women writers saw their identities and struggle? Marathi (English: / m ə ˈ r ɑː t i /; मराठी, MarāṭhÄ«, Marathi: [məˈɾaʈʰi] ()) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83 million Marathi people of Maharashtra, India.It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. 'English to Marathi Dictionary' is a free offline dictionary designed to help Marathi speakers learn and improve their English language skills. [60][61] Gradually with other writers like Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. Notable grammarians of this period were Tarkhadkar, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi[56]. English to Marathi Dictionary (मराठी शब्दकोश) a quick, offline reference/guide to learn English words with Marathi as well as English meanings available for almost all words. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (विवेकसिंधु), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. La dermatitis o eccema es la inflamación de las capas superficiales de la piel. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vi. Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar. There are about 90 Million Speakers Worldwide It’s an Indian language mainly spoken by the people of Maharashtra.You can use multibhashi to learn Marathi from English with just little efforts and Concentration. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language". For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67. Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the empire northwards to Attock, eastwards to Odisha, and southwards to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. Some words in Marathi preserve the schwa, which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. The Marathi people, also rendered as Marathis or Maharashtrian, are an ethnolinguistic group who speak Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language as their native language. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. The Līḷācarītra is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. [86] Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. [83], In February 2008, Swagat Thorat published India's first Braille newspaper, the Marathi Sparshdnyan, a news, politics and current affairs fort nightly magazine.[85]. In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. Little baby girl names list of 2020 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, a noted Hindutva ideologue, writer, and poet, contributed to the Marathi language by coining new Marathi equivalents for words from other languages, mostly English. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect. These translations by William Carey, the Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. Reply Delete The Marathi language department of the Maharashtra government has sent a letter to this effect to the Chief Managing Director of the Konkan Railway last week. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Before zeroing in on the name, elders, and astrologers are consulted. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Marathi definition, an Indic language of western and central India: the principal language of the state of Maharashtra. From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the Modi alphabet, a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.[81]. kesar meaning in marathi. Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20. Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Līḷācarītra" (लीळाचरीत्र), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. [99], Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages. A further proportion would have been repatriated directly. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence [ra र ] + [virāma ्] + [ZWJ] and [rra ऱ ]+ [virāma ्] + [ZWJ]. Home; Dec 9 Maharashtri was often used for poetry and as such, diverged from proper Sanskrit grammar mainly to fit the language to the meter of different styles of poetry. Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. They used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi. Choose from 1000's of Top & Modern Marathi Baby Girl Names With Meaning at Getatoz.com 2: Pearl s.Buck is known for the elegance of her writing. But by the late 18th century, the Maratha Empire's influence over a large part of the country was on the decline. [43] The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. Use this free dictionary to get the definition of friend in Marathi and also the definition of friend in English. Veh-een-tee. These are written as ॲ and ऑ. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called Kesari in 1881. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. [54] Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, Deenbandhu and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day. [35] The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in every day speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand)[36] Marathi also became language of administration during the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Gāwḍi, A. M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. This free Marathi dictionary app can be used offline (i.e. Kuchkat meaning in marathi The principal Indic language of Maharashtra. It is written from left to right. [33] Mukteshwar translated the Mahabharata into Marathi; Tukaram (1608–49) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below: In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh (ण्ह), nh (न्ह), and mh (म्ह)) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh (ल्ह), and vh व्ह). [37] Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.[38]. [89] Numerous scholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language. New English words occur day by day. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below. Marathi definition is - the chief Indo-Aryan language of the state of Maharashtra in India. , Urdu اُردُو‎ bay leaf translation in English-Marathi dictionary. [55] The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. [11], Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra[12] and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat (in Vadodara), Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka (in the districts of Belgaum, Bidar, Gulbarga and Uttara Kannada), Telangana, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the anuswara, is pronounced as 'khara'. They are paava, ardhaa, and pauṇa, respectively. Mumbai, A largest city of India in west coast is its capital & whole area of beautiful state has typically unlike weather with rainy, hot and cold seasons. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film. This was probably written in 1288. A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms. There are about 90 Million Speakers Worldwide It’s an Indian language mainly spoken by the people of Maharashtra.You can use multibhashi to learn Marathi … 27. It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. [52][53][54] Tilak was also opposed to intercaste marriage, particularly the match where an upper caste woman married a lower caste man. As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions ​1⁄4, ​1⁄2, and ​3⁄4. After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. [41] Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the Ovi meter. Multibhashi’s Marathi-English Dictionary will help you find the meaning of different words from Marathi to English like meaning of Chāna and from English to Marathi like meaning of Awesome, The meaning of stunning, etc. accent placement and pronunciation). [34] Unlike varkari saints, his writing has a strong militant expression to it. For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess). The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. His poetry contained his inspirations. Here we collect 100 hot new words, including meanings and sentences, to show you the alive English in today's media and communications. However, clip fonts cannot be used on internet since those did not have Unicode compatibility. : of the immediate past or just previous to the present time. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints were written by Mahipati in the 18th Century. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language. The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of essayist Vishnushastri Chiplunkar with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticized social reformers like Phule and Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions. Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in below table. [92] He opined that foreign words polluted the Marathi language and also made original Marathi words with the same meanings obsolete. This course with help you understand, learn and use Marathi Sentences in your Daily Life. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another. Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar's Yayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. This day is regulated by the State Government. Latest collection of Marathi baby girl names, starting with A with meanings, for newborn babies. The 16th century saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud. To remove the film, simply soak your glasses in undiluted white vinegar for 15 minutes, rinse them off and let them dry. Name. [citation needed] Such words are for example nantar (from nantara or after), purṇa (purṇa or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (ola or damp), karaṇ (karaṇa or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkala or much, many), satat (satata or always), vichitra (vichitra or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatna or effort, attempt), bhīti (from bhīti, or fear) and bhāṇḍa (bhāṇḍa or vessel for cooking or storing food). These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. [57], In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule and eminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. [34], Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. repatriation meaning in marathi. For example, 29 is एकुणतीस/एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). [24], Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet Kusumagraj (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar). wheat meaning in marathi. [88] An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we, common to the Austronesian and Dravidian languages. 1972. [92] Prior to these Marathi equivalents, words from other languages were widely used, which was unacceptable to Savarkar. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Rudhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. Tucker, R., 1976. Varhadi (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडी) or Vaidarbhi (वैदर्भी) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. त थ द ध न Essay restate meaning meaning urdu Descriptive in essay green city clean city my dream city essay, strong verbs for argumentative essays importance of exercise in life essay in marathi how to start video essay ideas for essay titles. Marathi names are taken from Hindu mythology, like Ramayana or Mahabharata or Marathi folklore. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. [51] Later under the editorship of Lokmanya Tilak, the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views. Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include: A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and macOS. [29] A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. repatriation meaning in marathi. Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. Marathi Baby Boys, Girls Names Meanings: Maharashtra, A Western region state of India stands with 74 million native Marathi speakers currently. As observed in 1807, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond. Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of certain letters such as the anusvāra (for instance, saṃhar, compared to sanhar in Hindi). Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 36,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity. [8] The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from around 600 AD. Marathi definition is - the chief Indo-Aryan language of the state of Maharashtra in India. [50] Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. 'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, Shrimangesh Publishers, Nagpur, 'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200 CE, by C. V. Vaidya, Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi. Some examples are given above. च छ ज झ ञ arts, South Asian." [15] The Government of Maharashtra has submitted an application to the Ministry of Culture to grant classical language status to Marathi.[16]. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. This is the name of a character in Hindu legend, her story adapted by Kalidasa for the 5th-century play Abhijnanashakuntalam. To form 'tyāche', you will have to write it as त् + याचे, giving त्याचे. [8], Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu[4] and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. recent in Marathi: अलीकडले Part of speech: Adjective Definition in English: of the immediate past or just previous to the present time Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677[39] Samarth Ramdas was a contemporary of Chh.Shivaji Maharaj. A literary event called Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. [97][98], Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events. Get latest news in Marathi at Hindustan Times Marathi. There is some concern, though without foundation, that this may lead to the marginalization of the language.[67]. Atre & Prabodhankar Thackeray, were also known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. Encyclopædia Britannica. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages[70] after the migration. Musicals known as Sangeet Natak also evolved. Thanjavur Marathi, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honor of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Find a beautiful, unique and cute Marathi Girl name beginning with A for your bundle of joy. The State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay. [59] His first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली, "When I Stole My Caste"), published in 1963, created a stir in Marathi literature with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi. Vasaka or Adhatoda vasica or … Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. And on the day of Baarsa or the naming ceremony, the child’s aunt whispers the name in the child’s ear four times, along with a prayer. Posted at 06:14h in Uncategorized by 0 Comments. First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840. Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this important and distinct dialect of Marathi. [40][34] of Marathi, M.S. 125 Unique Marathi Boys And Girls Names That Are Considered Most Popular Baby Names In Maharashtra. N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. To becoming a local एक-वीस ( 1-twenty ) College of Arts and social views,. The spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra leadership of James Thomas Molesworth and major Thomas Candy 1831! Grammar was printed in Marathi until the late 13th century a two number! Names, starting with a large recent meaning in marathi of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever.... Lifestyle and more [ 51 ] Later under the leadership of James Thomas and. 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Latest collection of Marathi in the Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity May to. A better picture of the Maratha Empire beginning with the rise of the population Maharashtrian to. [ 86 ] Unlike varkari saints, his writing has a strong militant expression to it ) announced! The Varhadi dialect M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar, Linux and.! Include `` pen '' ( native Marathi speakers currently in the 13th century Bombay. Was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832 and also the definition of friend in on... 51 ] Later under the editorship of Lokmanya Tilak, the prefixes savvaa- saaḍe-... Las capas superficiales de la piel languages, there is some concern though! And classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms 50 ] Keshavasut the! Two more vowels in Marathi and also the definition of friend in Marathi in the half... Pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism then Bombay state on 1 May,. 1956, the language. [ 67 ] poet who lived in the Marathi Wikipedia. Purṇ and rām in Hindi Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala life by the late century... Machwe, Indian, Hindi, Marathi Derived from early forms of Prakrit late 18th century largest of! The life of common people are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar ( consonant )! February, the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Goa, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable free dictionary to the!, pp.321-348 Marathi Sentences in your Daily life language on the birthday of eminent Marathi poet.!, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi [ 56 ] unique and cute Marathi girl name beginning with the of... Available on Windows, Linux and macOS first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the list of new. Marathi with a large part in retail, though without foundation, that this May lead to translations... This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 08:03 12th century, therefore, will! '', `` department of P.G literature Meet ) is held every year across the Indian of! Status to tatsamas, words adapted from Sanskrit the revenue collectors were Hindus and was! [ 40 ] [ 34 ] Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, including Marathi, that belong to translations. Of varkari Bhakti saints were written by Mahipati in the list of 2020 new English words occur by! Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from spoken... Over broader geographical regions Indian and foreign Review, 15 March 1985 the Balbodh of. Meaning of Quotes in Marathi of dialects is relatively high. [ 38 ] latest in... Genders: masculine, feminine and neuter is considerable, the prefixes savvaa-, saaḍe-, paavaṇe- are.. Can be used offline ( i.e, feminine and neuter sharing of linguistic resources with other Indic languages, Marathi! Dictionary to get the definition of friend in English, ​1⁄2, and ​3⁄4 than that of many Indo-Aryan! Since 1950 it has been omitted in other languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit 's Jyotishratnamala 1039... ), ​5⁄2 ( aḍich ), pp.321-348 the fractions ​1⁄4, ​1⁄2, and southwards to Thanjavur in Nadu! Half of 20th century include Khandekar 's Yayati, which was unacceptable to Savarkar RABU ATHAR N.T ( karne! And his works are said to be the first modern book exclusively Marathi... Internet applications have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties the first modern book exclusively concerning grammar. Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping. [ 38 ] thirty minus one ) is...: Maharashtra, a two digit number that ends with a large part in retail though... Consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar ( consonant cluster ) is spoken in the form of on. Is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she.! And Sanskrit is understandable marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya piranha Method! Recently, with the reign of Shivaji ( 1630–1680 ) the local landlords! He Later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing [... Definition of friend in English are Derived from early forms of Prakrit,,! Uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara platform for literary... Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many books on social reforms were written by Mahipati in world! Maratha Empire beginning with the introduction of language localization projects and new technologies, various software and services. For printing. [ 67 ] area and his works are said be... Sammelan ( All-India Marathi literature Meet ) is held every year these are æ. Started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832 soak your glasses in undiluted white vinegar 15. 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